Commentary and Projections Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Commentary and Projections Accounting. Answer: Introduction The current article considered to offer an in-depth description of the chosen article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. This article is mainly focused towards the investigation of accounting in a positive sense, which will primarily try to synchronise the structure of accounting as per the depiction of human behaviour except the notion of profit after tax in the accounting theory (Apostolou et al. 2016). However, the research on the theory of positive accounting had witnessed a few drawbacks. There have been various difficulties during such research which includes clouded speculative model, huge dependence on the prototype hypothesis and negligence over numerical values. Article Summary In the main article, the positive side of accounting has been focused during the research phase. It has been identified by Ballwieser et al. (2012) that research on the notion of accounting to test its positivism is a part of a project, which relied on great intellect. Thus this can be defined as a scientific research which actually tests the cause and effect relations within the accounting theory. The research on accounting positivism has witnessed some deficiencies but the same has been analysed through thorough study of various papers which includes significant auditing works. It has also been observed that this research on the positivism has some drawbacks. There are some of the loopholes which has been detected in the in the current method of research even after studying various papers in order to deal with the objectives of the research. Furthermore, the description, which has been provided, by Bedford and Ziegler (2016) depicts the notion of normal science which is directly re lated to the positive research of accounting. In the Kuhnian crisis, various possibilities are significantly stated which are the revolutionary in order to achieve the important potential of accounting. Propers criterion has been examined by the researchers also explains that the process of induction does not measure the acuteness of the theory in proper manner. Moreover, the article has also presented the false claims of the positive accounting theories in short reviews. Hence, four major classes have been presented to highlight the significance of the theory, which includes internal impact, measurement of errors, inefficiency of relativity theory and finally that external impact (Bromwich and Scapens 2016). The main objective behind the same was to ensure the non-subjective existence of the specific theory in the observation. This might also be done by selecting between various theories for better understanding and accuracy. In addition to the same, the decision taking observations will claim the falsification of the theories which are unsuitable along with revealing supportive nature towards the particular opposing theory. This article is headed towards pointing out the particular deficiencies along with the logical analysis of the hypothesis bases on the statistical testing. It has also considered as a tempered version of the proper logic (Chatfield and Vangermeersch 2014). The main concern is actually associated with the hypothesis testing with help of statistical tools within the null hypothesis that is very much dependent on the supplementary possibilities. Hence, if the technical issue could not be solved then chances of improved possibility of the hypothesis testing might fail. Research Question/ Hypothesis The research using the concept of hypothesis has been implemented in order to validate the legitimacy of the positive accounting research (Colasse and Durand 2014). H0: The existence of the universe is true which is beyond the level of imagination of an individual H1: All the events in this universe have several reasons that develops a fraction of the overall universe H2: The people those are normal can be able to attain increasingly dependable information in consideration to the observations support H3: The aim of the intellectual property is to use all the obtained informations for attaining useful global understanding of the universe that is mainly causation In order to investigate the first hypothesis, many illustrations on the positive research within the accounting have been offered. In consideration to the views of Crawford and Lepine (2013) the operation of certain rational self-interest among important parties those communicated with implied along with express contracts has resulted in the explaining the appropriate accounting technique. For evaluating the third hypothesis, the researcher has considered explaining scientific ontology along with epistemology, which signifies that the positive accounting study is not identical to the accounting research. In contrast, Deegan (2016) revealed that specific events do not occur either randomly or as the output of intervention from the outer universe. For providing an in-depth evaluation on the third hypothesis, the researcher has signified falsification along with the hypothesis testing in order to explain the research validity. This is the major reason and in consideration to the offered theory careful observation is deemed required through the means of which all the major ideas can be collected (Gaffikin and Aitken 2014). In alignment, it can be gathered that formal theory can be implemented with testable suppositions, which is associated with the existing dependent and certain vital empirical evidences. Several estimations of the innovative theory can be analysed in consideration the new observations in ample situations in which all the new long with old theories has the capability to make many estimations. For evaluating the final hypothesis, many models can is required to be tested with a specific focus or aspect. In consideration to the same, researchers namely Dyckman and Zeff (2015) revealed that the mental models could b e used in order to generate the casual techniques taking place within the universe. This is the major reason considering which the researcher has generated the above hypothesis that is flowed inadequately in the section of literature review. Theoretical Structure The theoretical frameworks those are mentioned in the article for aligning with the study objectives are explained below: Instances of the Positive Research in Accounting: The self-interest operation balance between the selected parties is deemed the result through the implied or expressed contracts in numerous types of organizations (Guthrie and Parker 2016). This signifies the accounting choices on the managers, pricing and the reporting decisions from the side of the auditors, the decision of the regulators is consideration to standard setting along with the professional aspects of academics. It is considered vital that for estimating the types of information that is used by the investor for investment purposes. This signifies that the nature of the human beings is rational. Moreover, this is possible in type of games that is occurred from the positive accounting theory (Henderson et al. 2015). Conversely, after the investigation of the several accounting researches, the settings based on the accounting is evaluated other than coherent behaviour like the technique through which the audit professional s make numerous judgements and the way in which the managers implement the discretion in the systems of performance analysis. This is because such instances intend to explain that the positive research is wider than the theory of positive accounting. Needs for the Effective Program of Positive Research: Considering the chosen article, it was considered that a rapid testing of the difficult models those need superior evaluation of the variable measurements. In addition to this, analytical modelling is the one that is considered extremely vital for generating and analysing the theoretical models (Gow et al. 2016). In order to implement the analytical modelling in the positive accounting research intention, the field before occupation is required to transform from the tractability to the plausibility. The researcher has also made certain that high focus on the measurement is required other than just analysing. This is because along with accounting, certain bias can be linked to the well-built publication that is existent against the dimension other than the same related with the theory. Scientific Epistemology Along with Ontology: It was explained that the epistemology could be considered as a scientific area that has an intention to reveal numerous assessable approaches for gaining a great knowledge on the outer world (Everett et al. 2015). In contrast to that, ontology has developed roles nature, associations along with practices that signify that the social universe is not that efficient to serve as objective sustenance devoid of human beings, the participants and the activities does not need developing numerous rational causes. Additionally, the universe cannot be considered devoid of the experiences of the human beings along with the explanations of the participants. This is the reason for which ontological and epistemological difficulties are caused that has an objective to gain huge understanding of the reasons for accounting techniques that acts as futile exercise (Leone, Minutti-Meza and Wasley 2015). Importance and Limitations of the Article After investigation of the selected article, it can be understood that the research has presented a great gap among the current practices on the positive accounting and this must take into account certain vital contributions in order to broaden the intellectual program. In several cases, there is an observed to be a lack of optimization of system (Guthrie and Parker 2016). This is deemed important for getting modifications and for rectifying a specific mistake. Additionally, the article provides with a rational initiative regarding the scientific research, which is validated by means of taking part in the specific accounting groups. In support of the recent research, it has been observed that there must be a need for efficient conceptual models these are highly reliable on the nature. Additionally, the particular article has provided an in-depth explanation consideration the positive accounting serves as an implication of the quantitative models those are reduced to the statements of the estimated trends among the selected variables (Colasse and Durand 2014). Opposing the aforementioned view, a major limitation that is identified from the article is that the research cannot be highly efficient in leading to awareness on the human behaviour within the context of accounting. This is because of the basis that it does not consider collecting several real life information gathered from numerous sources. This specific limitation is highly acknowledged in this particular article (Crawford and Lupine 2013). In contrast to this, the lack of collecting primary along wit secondary data is observed to affect the research quality. Additionally, the researcher has considered making numerous inferences based on the statements of many authors taking into account positive research accounting. Lastly, the quantitative aspects are not deemed to have huge relevance that is necessary in the current years in order to evaluate the future development of the organization for a longer time. Conclusion The article evaluation in this paper had an objective to evaluate the ontology and epidemiology related wit positive accounting research. This was done n order to ascertain the research loopholes in alignment of the techniques through the means of which such loopholes can be dealt with effectively. In addition, the researcher has also recommended that ample theoretical models can be developed for the testing of the in-depth accounting variables. It was also considered that all the quantitative aspects of the accounting needs being prioritized for determining the future performance of the organization. This is because, it can be inferred that very limited modifications in the program of the positive accounting. This is for decreasing the errors taking place from the organizations in alignment with accounting. Reference List Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M. and Rebele, J. E., 2016. 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